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EXTERNAL DOCUMENTS
Textbooks:

Heat Release in Fires V. Babrauskas, S. J. Grayson 1992
Taylor & Francis Textbook

Handbook of environmental engineering calculations C. C. Lee, Shun Dar Lin 2000
McGraw-Hill Textbook

Principles of Turbulent Fired Heat
Textbook by Georges Monnot 1986, Institut français du pétrole

Smoke dilution methods for the evaluation of the smoke emission from burning polymers: A comparative approach
Alberto Ballistreri, et al, Istituto Dipartimentale di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Catania, Viale A. Doria 8, 95125 Catania, Italy 1980. In Fire and Materials. Volume 5 Issue 2, Pages 61 - 6. A Comparison of dilution tunnel/filter method with optical scattering for smoke from burned plastics

Papers and Articles:

Emissions from domestic solid fuel burning appliances (wood-heaters, open fireplaces)
http://www.environment.gov.au/atmosphere/airquality/publications/report5/chapter8.html
Technical Report No. 5 by J. Gras, et at. For Environment Australia, March 2002

Emissions from Wood-Fired Combustion Equipment
http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/epd/industrial/pulp_paper_lumber/pdf/emissions_report_08.pdf
Tony Wakelin, P.Eng. for Ministry of Environment, British Columbia

UK biomass energy since 1990: the mismatch betweenproject types and policy objectives
Dan van der Horst, 2005
http://www.ierp.bham.ac.uk/documents/pub_dan-paper_in_energy_policy.pdf

An Economic Analysis to Inform the Review of the Air Quality Strategy Objectives for Particles For UK Government, 2001
http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/quality/air/airquality/publications/stratreview-analysis/chap-1-icgb.pdf
Includes an Assesment of total particle emissions from domestic solid fuel appliances

UK Low Carbon Transition Plan For UK Government 2009
http://www.decc.gov.uk/en/content/cms/publications/lc_trans_plan/lc_trans_plan.aspx
This presents important ideas about improving wood fuel supply both from forests and by diverting waste. It has nothing to say about appliances or installations.

ENERGY CHALLENGE REPORT For UK Government 2006
http://www.dti.gov.uk/files/file31890.pdf
The UK Government review of energy supply and use over the next fifty years. Mainly concerned with large-scale energy production and consumption - electricity distribution, road transport etc - but also notes that the part to be played by "Biomass stoves and boilers provide space and/or water heating from a variety of fuels such as wood pellets, woodchips, logs and non-wood fuels."

STERN REVIEW ON THE ECONOMICS OF CLIMATE CHANGE For UK Government by Sir Nicholas Stern 2006
The full report:
www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/stern_review_report.htm
Possible economic consequences of climate change, suggests could shrink the global economy by a fifth unless drastic action is taken - including a move towards renewable energy sources. KEY POINTS: Taking action now would cost about 1% of global gross domestic product. Without action up to 200 million people could become refugees through drought or flood. Unless the world, including USA and China, tackles climate change it is heading for the worst global recession ever seen. 1% of global gross domestic product (GDP) must be spent on tackling climate change immediately. If no action is taken, floods could displace up to 100 million people, melting glaciers could cause water shortages for 1 in 6 of the world's population, 40% of species could become extinct, droughts may create tens or even hundreds of millions of refugees. Failure to act early could cost 5% to 20% of global GDP and render large parts of the planet uninhabitable with poor nations, especially in Africa, hit worst. Switching to cleaner energy sources, like wind and solar, can help avoid the worst of the damage. Support for energy R+D should at least double and support for deployment should increase five-fold. Green taxes and changing behaviour will help - but schemes must be international. If the UK shut down all of its power stations tomorrow, the reduction in global emissions would be wiped out in just over a year by increased emissions from China. Action now will still take 30 yrs to show benefit. (also Comments on Stern Review by Patrick J. Michaels, University of Virginia,
http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/d/patrick.pdf presents an alternative, less pessimistic, view.)

UK Government 'The Energy Efficiency of Dwellings' Report UK Department of Communities and Local Government November 2006
http://www.communities.gov.uk/pub/373/TheEnergyEfficiencyofDwellingsInitialAnalysis_id1504373.pdf
Shows that millions of homes across the country could benefit from cost effective improvements which cut both carbon emissions and fuel bills. Widespread implementation of such improvements could save around 7M tonnes of carbon a year. KEY POINTS: implementing measures with the fastest pay back and replacing boilers over time could save 7MtC a year and make householders better off; cavity wall insulation has increased from 20 per cent of our housing stock in 1996 to 36 per cent in 2003; the number of homes with over 150mm of loft insulation increased by 4 million between 2001 and 2004; a further 8.5m homes could benefit from cavity wall insulation saving 2.1MtC a year; cavity wall insulation typically costs £340 to fit and pays for itself within 2.6 years. (Over a 5 year period householders would get a 200 per cent return on their investment).  In practice, these costs and the payback period can be reduced through grants and subsidies, with some householders, on qualifying benefits, being eligible for free installation; increasing loft insulation could help 6.1m homes and deliver carbon savings of 1.2m a year. Pay back time for loft insulation is 2.7 years and householders get a 180 per cent return over 5 years. Again grants and subsidies are available; reaching the 60 per cent target by 2050 will require high take up of microgeneration including emerging technologies such as heat pumps and micro CHP (combined heat and power); research suggests that costs of low and zero carbon technologies could be reduced significantly for each doubling of installed capacity; and social housing is on average more energy efficient than private housing.

EU Action Plan for Energy Efficiency European Commisson 2006
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/action_plan_energy_efficiency/doc/com_2006_0545_en.pdf
Outlines a framework of policies and measures with a view to realising over 20% savings in EU annual primary energy consumption by 2020. This is considered to be technically and economically feasible. KEY POINTS: The document outlines a series of Priority Actions, expected to be backed-up by legislation. 1: Appliance and equipment labelling and minimum energy performance standards. The Commission will begin, in 2007, the process of adopting minimum energy performance standards for priority product groups including boilers, water heaters by the end of 2008 2: Building performance requirements and very low energy buildings ("passive houses"), including zero-energy houses- houses not requiring heating. 3: Making power generation and distribution more efficient 4: Achieving fuel efficiency of cars 5: Facilitating appropriate financing of energy efficiency investments for small and medium enterprises and Energy Service Companies 6: Spurring energy efficiency in the new Member States 7: A coherent use of taxation 8: Raising energy efficiency awareness 9: Energy efficiency in built-up areas 10: Foster energy efficiency worldwide

Real-life Emissions Testing of Wood Burners in Tokoroa Colleen Kelly, Victoria University Suri Mues, Ministry for the Environment Wayne Webley, Applied Research Services 2007
http://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/energy/emissions-testing-wood-burners-tokoroa-jun07/emissions-testing-wood-burners-tokoroa-jun07.pdf
Includes comparison of simple hand-held one-test instruments against comprehensive laboratory tests.

Emissions from Wood-Fired Combustion Equipment
http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/epd/industrial/pulp_paper_lumber/pdf/emissions_report_08.pdf
Paul A. Beauchemin, Martin Tampier, Envirochem Services Inc. for Ministry of Environment, Brtitish Columbia 2008. An analysis of emissions from commercial wood-fired plant.

A Round robin test of a wood stove: The influence of standards, test procedures and calculation procedures on the emission level
http://www.vtwoodsmoke.org/pdf/Roundrobin.pdf
By O. Skreiberg, E. Karlsvik, J. E. Hustad, O. K. Sonju 1997. Comparison of results from same stove tested at six different national laboratories.

Assesment of Benzo[a]Pyrene Concentrations in the UK in 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2020
http://www.airquality.co.uk/archive/reports/cat17/0707171119_Bap_report_05_issue1.pdf
K.J., Vincent, T., Bush and P., Coleman. Includes distribution maps for solid fuel use in the UK

The Outdoor Air Myth Exposed
http://www.woodheat.org/outdoorair/outdoorairmyth.htm
Unsigned, Woodheat.org Opinion piece regarding outside air supply to stoves.

Efficiency and gases emissions with incineration of composite and one-component biofuel briquettes in room heater
http://journals.uzpi.cz/uniqueFiles/00404.pdf
P. Jevic, P. Hutla, J. Malaták, Z. &Scaronedivá 2007. Compares Emissions from various biofuels including wood, straw and beet pulp briquettes.

A Woodfuel Strategy for England
http://www.forestry.gov.uk/pdf/fce-woodfuel-strategy.pdf/$file/fce-woodfuel-strategy.pdf
UK Forestry Commission 2007

Wood for Energy
http://www.forestry.gov.uk/pdf/see-wood-for-energy-poster.pdf/$file/see-wood-for-energy-poster.pdf
UK Forestry Commission 2009. A useful schools / general interest poster

European Air Quality Standards
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/quality/standards.htm
European Commission 2009. Includes table of permitted pollutants.

Emissions of Rural Wood-Burning Cooking Device
http://www.ecoharmony.com/files/MyDocs/PhDThesis_GrantBallard-Tremeer.pdf
Grant Ballard-Tremeer 1997. Includes useful information on optical smoke measurement.

Masonry Heater Emissions Testing Method and Design at
http://heatkit.com/docs/OMNIcourse.pdf
OMNI-Test Laboratories, Oct 24 - 25, 1991

Residential Wood Combustion Technology Review
http://www.mha-net.org/docs/rwc01.PDF and
http://www.mha-net.org/docs/rwc01.PDF
by James Houck and Paul Tiegs

Comparison of Test Standards from Various Countries
http://heatkit.com/docs/karlsvik.PDF
by Edvard Karlsvik, Sintef Applied Thermodynamics

Review of Wood Heater and Fireplace Emission Factors
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/conference/ei10/pm/houck.pdf
by James Houck, John Crouch and Roy H. Huntley

Design and Operating Factors Which Affect Emissions from Residential Wood-Fired Heaters:
http://heatkit.com/html/p-tieg02.htm
Review and Update by Paul Tiegs of OMNI Evironmental Services

Discussion Regarding Reporting Units for Emissions from Residential Cord-wood Burning Space-heating Appliances
http://www.rumford.com/testOMNIPaul.html
Paul Tiegs, OMNI Environmental Services, January 10, 1994 (revised February 1995)

Clean Combustion of Wood
http://heatkit.com/docs/khan.PDF
by A.M. Hasan, R. Khan. A report of The Woodburning Stove Group, Eindhoven University of Technology, July, 1991

Emissions from Outdoor Wood-Burning Residential Hot Water Furnaces
http://www.woodheat.org/technology/epaoutboiler.pdf
By Joseph C. Valenti and Russell K. Clayton, Acurex Environmental Corporation

Air Requirements and Related Parameters for Masonry Heating Systems
http://heatkit.com/html/papers-n/airreq/Cmhc-rep.PDF
The Research Division Housing Technology Incentives Program Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation

Makeup Air Guidelines
http://heatkit.com/docs/R2000-2.pdf
Charles Zaloum, Natural Resources Canada Norbert Senf, Masonry Stove Builders

Investigation of Negative Pressure Test Protocols for Wood- and Pellet-Burning Appliances
http://www.gulland.ca/NegativePressureTestProtocolRPT.htm
Gulland Associates prepared for The Research Division, Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Ottawa, (2003)

Fireplace Air Requirements
http://heatkit.com/docs/airreq.PDF
ORTECH International, Scanada Consultants, Sheltair Scientific prepared for The Research Division, Canada Mortgage and
Housing Corporation, Ottawa, (1989)

Modifications and Refinement of the Computer Model Wood Burning Simulator
http://heatkit.com/research/Woodsim5.pdf
Scanada Consultants, prepared for The Research Division, Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Ottawa, (1987)

The Dynamics of Domestic Open Fires
http://heatkit.com/docs/rosin.PDF
by Prof. P.O. Rosin, 1939, A significant founding document, one of the first modern scientific surveys of open fires. Highly recommended

The Flow of Gases in Furnaces (1923)
http://www.archive.org/details/TheFlowOfGasesInFurnaces
by W.E. Groume-Grjimailo. Russian classic on applying gas buoyancy laws to furnace design, as currently embodied in double bell heater construction. Complete text, 399 pages translated by The Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore

A Comparison of Fireplace Emissions Testing Methods
http://heatkit.com/docs/mcnear.PDF
3 test methods were run simultaneously on open masonry fireplaces

Recent Laboratory and Field Testing of Masonry Heater and Masonry Fireplace Emissions
http://heatkit.com/html/papers-n/awma01/p-awma1.pdf
Norbert Senf, presented at 1994 Air and Waste Management Association meeting

Very Low Emissions Cordwood Combustion in High Burn Rate Appliances - Early Results with Possible Implications
http://heatkit.com/html/papers-n/awma02/p-awma2.PDF
Norbert Senf, presented at the 88th Annual Meeting of the Air and Waste Management Association, San Antonio, 1995.

Low Emissions Residential Cordwood Combustion in High Mass Appliances - Recent Research and Results
http://heatkit.com/html/papers-n/cc96/p-cc96.pdf
Norbert Senf. Presented at Combustion Canada Conference, Ottawa, June 5 - 7, 1996

Comparison of dilution tunnel and electrostatic precipitator methods
http://www.soliftec.com/Comparison%20Smoke%20Test%20Methods.pdf
Methods for the measurement of smoke mass emission rate from manufactured solid fuels for domestic open fires - British Coal Corporation, Coal Research Establishment January 1992

Real-life Emissions Testing of Pellet Burners in Tokoroa
http://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/energy/emissions-testing-pellet-burners-tokoroa-jun07/emissions-testing-pellet-burners-tokoroa-jun07.pdf
C. Kelly, S.Mues and W. Webley, Ministry for the Environment, New Zealand 2007. Field testing conducted with the Condar sampler, including calibration against a laboratory dilution tunnel method.

Design, Construction and Performance of Stick-Wood Fired Furnace
http://www.vtwoodsmoke.org/pdf/Hill-79.pdf
by Professor Richard Hill, University of Maine, 1979

Flue Gas Emissions in Wood Burning Stoves
http://heatkit.com/docs/pah-aus.PDF
Translation of 1985 Austrian study of PAH emissions from a Grundofen (masonry heater) and a conventional stove. Includes PAH analyses. Done by the government test lab for the Austrian stovemasons guild.

Determination of Condensible Particulate Woodstove Emission Factors Using Condar's Emissions Sampler
http://heatkit.com/docs/condar.PDF
by Stockton Barnett (1983)

Testing Protocol for Particulate Emissions from Woodburning Fireplaces
http://heatkit.com/docs/sonoma.PDF
Survey of Northern Sonoma Country APCD, Healdsburg, California, Dec. 10, 1997

Emissions of Rural Wood-Burning Cooking Devices
http://www.energy.demon.nl/PhDintro.htm
Phd thesis by Grant Ballard-Tremeer