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SOLIFTEC INFORMATION
News Archive
The Building Regulations
The Solid Fuel Dictionary
Fuel cost and carbon emissions - spreadsheet and
example
Stoves conforming to
EN13240 - preliminary checklist 
Properties of Fuels
Environmental Emissions
Authorized and other Test Laboratories
Appliance Components
Domestic Appliance Manufacturers - Address
List
Thatched Properties
Building Regulations
(England & Wales)
European Standards, CE Marking and The Construction
Products Directive
5% UK VAT
EXTERNAL
DOCUMENTS
Textbooks:
Heat Release in Fires V.
Babrauskas, S. J. Grayson 1992
Taylor & Francis Textbook
Handbook of environmental
engineering calculations C. C. Lee, Shun Dar Lin 2000
McGraw-Hill Textbook
Principles of Turbulent
Fired Heat
Textbook by Georges Monnot 1986, Institut français du
pétrole
Smoke dilution methods for
the evaluation of the smoke emission from burning polymers: A
comparative approach
Alberto Ballistreri, et al, Istituto Dipartimentale di
Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Catania, Viale A.
Doria 8, 95125 Catania, Italy 1980. In Fire and Materials. Volume
5 Issue 2, Pages 61 - 6. A Comparison of dilution tunnel/filter
method with optical scattering for smoke from burned plastics
Papers and Articles:
Emissions from domestic
solid fuel burning appliances (wood-heaters, open fireplaces)
http://www.environment.gov.au/atmosphere/airquality/publications/report5/chapter8.html
Technical Report No. 5 by J. Gras, et at. For Environment
Australia, March 2002
Emissions from Wood-Fired
Combustion Equipment
http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/epd/industrial/pulp_paper_lumber/pdf/emissions_report_08.pdf
Tony Wakelin, P.Eng. for Ministry of Environment,
British Columbia
UK biomass energy since
1990: the mismatch betweenproject types and policy objectives
Dan van der Horst, 2005
http://www.ierp.bham.ac.uk/documents/pub_dan-paper_in_energy_policy.pdf
An Economic Analysis to
Inform the Review of the Air Quality Strategy Objectives for
Particles For UK Government, 2001
http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/quality/air/airquality/publications/stratreview-analysis/chap-1-icgb.pdf
Includes an Assesment of total particle emissions from domestic
solid fuel appliances
UK Low Carbon Transition
Plan For UK Government 2009
http://www.decc.gov.uk/en/content/cms/publications/lc_trans_plan/lc_trans_plan.aspx
This presents important ideas
about improving wood fuel supply both from forests and by
diverting waste. It has nothing to say about appliances or
installations.
ENERGY CHALLENGE REPORT For
UK Government 2006
http://www.dti.gov.uk/files/file31890.pdf
The UK Government review of
energy supply and use over the next fifty years. Mainly concerned
with large-scale energy production and consumption - electricity
distribution, road transport etc - but also notes that the part
to be played by "Biomass stoves and boilers provide space
and/or water heating from a variety of fuels such as wood
pellets, woodchips, logs and non-wood fuels."
STERN REVIEW ON THE
ECONOMICS OF CLIMATE CHANGE For UK Government by Sir
Nicholas Stern 2006
The full report: www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/stern_review_report.htm
Possible economic consequences of climate change, suggests could
shrink the global economy by a fifth unless drastic action is
taken - including a move towards renewable energy sources. KEY
POINTS: Taking action now would cost about 1% of global
gross domestic product. Without action up to 200 million people
could become refugees through drought or flood. Unless the world,
including USA and China, tackles climate change it is heading for
the worst global recession ever seen. 1% of global gross domestic
product (GDP) must be spent on tackling climate change
immediately. If no action is taken, floods could displace up to
100 million people, melting glaciers could cause water shortages
for 1 in 6 of the world's population, 40% of species could become
extinct, droughts may create tens or even hundreds of millions of
refugees. Failure to act early could cost 5% to 20% of global GDP
and render large parts of the planet uninhabitable with poor
nations, especially in Africa, hit worst. Switching to cleaner
energy sources, like wind and solar, can help avoid the worst of
the damage. Support for energy R+D should at least double and
support for deployment should increase five-fold. Green taxes and
changing behaviour will help - but schemes must be international.
If the UK shut down all of its power stations tomorrow, the
reduction in global emissions would be wiped out in just over a
year by increased emissions from China. Action now will still
take 30 yrs to show benefit. (also
Comments on Stern Review by Patrick J. Michaels,
University of Virginia, http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/d/patrick.pdf presents an alternative, less pessimistic,
view.)
UK Government 'The Energy
Efficiency of Dwellings' Report UK Department of
Communities and Local Government November 2006
http://www.communities.gov.uk/pub/373/TheEnergyEfficiencyofDwellingsInitialAnalysis_id1504373.pdf
Shows that millions of homes
across the country could benefit from cost effective improvements
which cut both carbon emissions and fuel bills. Widespread
implementation of such improvements could save around 7M tonnes
of carbon a year. KEY POINTS: implementing
measures with the fastest pay back and replacing boilers over
time could save 7MtC a year and make householders better off;
cavity wall insulation has increased from 20 per cent of our
housing stock in 1996 to 36 per cent in 2003; the number of
homes with over 150mm of loft insulation increased by 4 million
between 2001 and 2004; a further 8.5m homes could benefit from
cavity wall insulation saving 2.1MtC a year; cavity wall
insulation typically costs £340 to fit and pays for itself
within 2.6 years. (Over a 5 year period householders would get a
200 per cent return on their investment). In practice,
these costs and the payback period can be reduced through grants
and subsidies, with some householders, on qualifying benefits,
being eligible for free installation; increasing loft insulation
could help 6.1m homes and deliver carbon savings of 1.2m a year.
Pay back time for loft insulation is 2.7 years and householders
get a 180 per cent return over 5 years. Again grants
and subsidies are available; reaching the 60 per cent target by
2050 will require high take up of microgeneration including
emerging technologies such as heat pumps and micro CHP (combined
heat and power); research suggests that costs of low and zero
carbon technologies could be reduced significantly for each
doubling of installed capacity; and social housing is on average
more energy efficient than private housing.
EU Action Plan for Energy
Efficiency European Commisson 2006
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/action_plan_energy_efficiency/doc/com_2006_0545_en.pdf
Outlines a framework of
policies and measures with a view to realising over 20% savings
in EU annual primary energy consumption by 2020. This is
considered to be technically and economically feasible. KEY
POINTS: The document outlines a series of Priority
Actions, expected to be backed-up by legislation. 1: Appliance
and equipment labelling and minimum energy performance standards.
The Commission will begin, in 2007, the process of adopting
minimum energy performance standards for priority product groups
including boilers, water heaters by the end of 2008 2: Building
performance requirements and very low energy buildings
("passive houses"), including zero-energy houses-
houses not requiring heating. 3: Making power generation and
distribution more efficient 4: Achieving fuel efficiency of cars
5: Facilitating appropriate financing of energy efficiency
investments for small and medium enterprises and Energy Service
Companies 6: Spurring energy efficiency in the new Member States
7: A coherent use of taxation 8: Raising energy efficiency
awareness 9: Energy efficiency in built-up areas 10: Foster
energy efficiency worldwide
Real-life Emissions
Testing of Wood Burners in Tokoroa Colleen Kelly,
Victoria University Suri Mues, Ministry for the Environment Wayne
Webley, Applied Research Services 2007
http://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/energy/emissions-testing-wood-burners-tokoroa-jun07/emissions-testing-wood-burners-tokoroa-jun07.pdf
Includes comparison of simple hand-held one-test instruments
against comprehensive laboratory tests.
Emissions from Wood-Fired
Combustion Equipment
http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/epd/industrial/pulp_paper_lumber/pdf/emissions_report_08.pdf
Paul A. Beauchemin, Martin Tampier, Envirochem Services Inc. for
Ministry of Environment, Brtitish Columbia 2008. An analysis of
emissions from commercial wood-fired plant.
A Round robin test of a
wood stove: The influence of standards, test procedures and
calculation procedures on the emission level
http://www.vtwoodsmoke.org/pdf/Roundrobin.pdf
By O. Skreiberg, E. Karlsvik, J. E. Hustad, O. K. Sonju 1997.
Comparison of results from same stove tested at six different
national laboratories.
Assesment of
Benzo[a]Pyrene Concentrations in the UK in 2005, 2010, 2015 and
2020
http://www.airquality.co.uk/archive/reports/cat17/0707171119_Bap_report_05_issue1.pdf
K.J., Vincent, T., Bush and P., Coleman. Includes distribution
maps for solid fuel use in the UK
The Outdoor Air Myth
Exposed
http://www.woodheat.org/outdoorair/outdoorairmyth.htm
Unsigned, Woodheat.org Opinion piece regarding outside air supply
to stoves.
Efficiency and gases
emissions with incineration of composite and one-component
biofuel briquettes in room heater
http://journals.uzpi.cz/uniqueFiles/00404.pdf
P. Jevic, P. Hutla, J. Malaták, Z. &Scaronedivá 2007.
Compares Emissions from various biofuels including wood, straw
and beet pulp briquettes.
A Woodfuel Strategy for
England
http://www.forestry.gov.uk/pdf/fce-woodfuel-strategy.pdf/$file/fce-woodfuel-strategy.pdf
UK Forestry Commission 2007
Wood for Energy
http://www.forestry.gov.uk/pdf/see-wood-for-energy-poster.pdf/$file/see-wood-for-energy-poster.pdf
UK Forestry Commission 2009. A useful schools / general interest
poster
European Air Quality
Standards
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/quality/standards.htm
European Commission 2009. Includes table of permitted pollutants.
Emissions of Rural
Wood-Burning Cooking Device
http://www.ecoharmony.com/files/MyDocs/PhDThesis_GrantBallard-Tremeer.pdf
Grant Ballard-Tremeer 1997. Includes useful information on
optical smoke measurement.
Masonry Heater Emissions
Testing Method and Design at
http://heatkit.com/docs/OMNIcourse.pdf
OMNI-Test Laboratories, Oct 24 - 25, 1991
Residential Wood
Combustion Technology Review
http://www.mha-net.org/docs/rwc01.PDF and http://www.mha-net.org/docs/rwc01.PDF
by James Houck and Paul Tiegs
Comparison of Test
Standards from Various Countries
http://heatkit.com/docs/karlsvik.PDF
by Edvard Karlsvik, Sintef Applied Thermodynamics
Review of Wood Heater and
Fireplace Emission Factors
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/conference/ei10/pm/houck.pdf
by James Houck, John Crouch and Roy H. Huntley
Design and Operating
Factors Which Affect Emissions from Residential Wood-Fired
Heaters:
http://heatkit.com/html/p-tieg02.htm
Review and Update by Paul Tiegs of OMNI Evironmental Services
Discussion Regarding
Reporting Units for Emissions from Residential Cord-wood Burning
Space-heating Appliances
http://www.rumford.com/testOMNIPaul.html
Paul Tiegs, OMNI Environmental Services, January 10, 1994
(revised February 1995)
Clean Combustion of Wood
http://heatkit.com/docs/khan.PDF
by A.M. Hasan, R. Khan. A report of The Woodburning Stove Group,
Eindhoven University of Technology, July, 1991
Emissions from Outdoor
Wood-Burning Residential Hot Water Furnaces
http://www.woodheat.org/technology/epaoutboiler.pdf
By Joseph C. Valenti and Russell K. Clayton, Acurex Environmental
Corporation
Air Requirements and
Related Parameters for Masonry Heating Systems
http://heatkit.com/html/papers-n/airreq/Cmhc-rep.PDF
The Research Division Housing Technology Incentives Program
Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation
Makeup Air Guidelines
http://heatkit.com/docs/R2000-2.pdf
Charles Zaloum, Natural Resources Canada Norbert Senf, Masonry
Stove Builders
Investigation of Negative
Pressure Test Protocols for Wood- and Pellet-Burning Appliances
http://www.gulland.ca/NegativePressureTestProtocolRPT.htm
Gulland Associates prepared for The Research Division, Canada
Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Ottawa, (2003)
Fireplace Air Requirements
http://heatkit.com/docs/airreq.PDF
ORTECH International, Scanada Consultants, Sheltair Scientific
prepared for The Research Division, Canada Mortgage and
Housing Corporation, Ottawa, (1989)
Modifications and
Refinement of the Computer Model Wood Burning Simulator
http://heatkit.com/research/Woodsim5.pdf
Scanada Consultants, prepared for The Research Division, Canada
Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Ottawa, (1987)
The Dynamics of Domestic
Open Fires
http://heatkit.com/docs/rosin.PDF
by Prof. P.O. Rosin, 1939, A significant founding document, one
of the first modern scientific surveys of open fires. Highly
recommended
The Flow of Gases in
Furnaces (1923)
http://www.archive.org/details/TheFlowOfGasesInFurnaces
by W.E. Groume-Grjimailo. Russian classic on applying gas
buoyancy laws to furnace design, as currently embodied in double
bell heater construction. Complete text, 399 pages translated by
The Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore
A Comparison of Fireplace
Emissions Testing Methods
http://heatkit.com/docs/mcnear.PDF
3 test methods were run simultaneously on open masonry fireplaces
Recent Laboratory and
Field Testing of Masonry Heater and Masonry Fireplace Emissions
http://heatkit.com/html/papers-n/awma01/p-awma1.pdf
Norbert Senf, presented at 1994 Air and Waste Management
Association meeting
Very Low Emissions
Cordwood Combustion in High Burn Rate Appliances - Early Results
with Possible Implications
http://heatkit.com/html/papers-n/awma02/p-awma2.PDF
Norbert Senf, presented at the 88th Annual Meeting of the Air and
Waste Management Association, San Antonio, 1995.
Low Emissions Residential
Cordwood Combustion in High Mass Appliances - Recent Research and
Results
http://heatkit.com/html/papers-n/cc96/p-cc96.pdf
Norbert Senf. Presented at Combustion Canada Conference, Ottawa,
June 5 - 7, 1996
Comparison of dilution
tunnel and electrostatic precipitator methods
http://www.soliftec.com/Comparison%20Smoke%20Test%20Methods.pdf
Methods for the measurement of smoke mass emission rate from
manufactured solid fuels for domestic open fires - British Coal
Corporation, Coal Research Establishment January 1992
Real-life Emissions
Testing of Pellet Burners in Tokoroa
http://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/energy/emissions-testing-pellet-burners-tokoroa-jun07/emissions-testing-pellet-burners-tokoroa-jun07.pdf
C. Kelly, S.Mues and W. Webley, Ministry for the Environment, New
Zealand 2007. Field testing conducted with the Condar sampler,
including calibration against a laboratory dilution tunnel
method.
Design, Construction and
Performance of Stick-Wood Fired Furnace
http://www.vtwoodsmoke.org/pdf/Hill-79.pdf
by Professor Richard Hill, University of Maine, 1979
Flue Gas Emissions in Wood
Burning Stoves
http://heatkit.com/docs/pah-aus.PDF
Translation of 1985 Austrian study of PAH emissions from a
Grundofen (masonry heater) and a conventional stove. Includes PAH
analyses. Done by the government test lab for the Austrian
stovemasons guild.
Determination of
Condensible Particulate Woodstove Emission Factors Using Condar's
Emissions Sampler
http://heatkit.com/docs/condar.PDF
by Stockton Barnett (1983)
Testing Protocol for
Particulate Emissions from Woodburning Fireplaces
http://heatkit.com/docs/sonoma.PDF
Survey of Northern Sonoma Country APCD, Healdsburg, California,
Dec. 10, 1997
Emissions of Rural
Wood-Burning Cooking Devices
http://www.energy.demon.nl/PhDintro.htm
Phd thesis by Grant Ballard-Tremeer
