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THE SOLIFTEC LIBRARY External documents relating to small-scale solid fuel heating. For global data, try the World Energy Council website: SOLIFTEC PUBLICATIONS The Soliftec reprint of Prof. Charles Tomlinson's 1864 Treatise on Warming and Ventilation. Written when the mechanical theory of heat was a new science, but just as relevant today with its fascinating illustrations of forgotten and wonderful stoves and fireplaces. Available from Lulu HISTORIC The English Fireplace LH Shuffrey (1912) Batsford, London Our Domestic Fireplaces - A treatise on the Economical use of Fuel and the Prevention of Smoke by Frederick Edwards (1865) London A Rudimentary Treatise on Warming and Ventilation Charles Tomlinson (1864) Virtue &Co On the Smokeless Fire-place, Chimney-valves &c Neil Arnott (1855) Longman, London PAPERS & ARTICLES UK LAW: The Air Quality (Domestic Solid Fuels Standards) (England) Regulations 2020 Rules about dry wood, and exemption of manufactured wood fuels https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2020/1095/made Energy consumption and use by households 2018, households accounted for 26.1% of final energy consumption in the European Union (EU). Most of the EU final energy consumption in the households is covered by natural gas (32.1%) and electricity (24.7%). Renewables account for 19.5%, followed by petroleum products (11.6%) and derived heat (8.7%).26 Jun 2020 https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/-/DDN-20200626-1 Hybrid draft direct-combustion with secondary air jets in cross-flow for reducing CO and PM2.5 emissions in biomass cookstoves Mathematical modelling from College of Engineering and Technology, Nagpur, India https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2213138821009279 Status of PM emission measurement methods and new developments A thorough investigation of different smoke emission measureents https://www.ieabioenergy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/IEA-Paper_PM_determination.pdf Burning in UK Homes and Gardens - Research Report Extensive research on how much solid fuel burning is happening domestically in the UK, including of non-wood solid fuels and of burning outdoors in gardens http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Document.aspx?Document=14972_Finalreport-BurninginUKhomesandgardens.pdf Advanced stoves designing and their thermal behavior prediction: a validated mathematical model https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12667-021-00479-z UK Summary results of the domestic wood use survey https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/summary-results-of-the-domestic-wood-use-survey Wood Stove Combustion Modeling and Simulation: Technical Review and Recommendations "A pressing need exists - now more than ever - for a state-of-the-art, high-fidelity, multi-dimensional numerical model that can accurately represent the physical processes that occur within a wood stove" https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/2107/2107.09722.pdf Real-life emissions from residential wood combustion in Austria: From TSP emissions to PAH emission profiles, diagnostic ratios and toxic risk assessment https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1309104221001938 Polycyclic aromatic compounds in wood soot extracts from Henan, China Includes comprehensive list of VOCs etc with their properties https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/217390758.pdf Pollutants from the combustion of solid biomass fuels This is followed by the methods used for characterisation of biomass and their classification. The various steps in the combustion mechanisms are given together with a compilation of the kinetic data. The chemical mechanisms for the formation of the pollutants https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0360128511000530?via%3Dihub Measurement of key compositional parameters in two species of energy grass by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0960852409008815?via%3Dihub A study of smoke formation from wood combustion Wood samples were burned under conditions which allowed separation of the flaming and smouldering stages of wood combustion and analysed by atmospheric time of flight mass spectrometry. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378382015001307?via%3Dihub What do people burn in UK homes and gardens http://sciencesearch.defra.gov.uk/Default.aspx?Menu=Menu&Module=More&Location=None&ProjectID=201 Smoke gas analysis by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy - The SAFIR project https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238115848_Smoke_gas_analysis_by_Fourier_Transform_Infrared_Spectroscopy_-_Summary_of_the_SAFIR_project_results Measurement of key compositional parameters in two species of energy grass by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0960852409008815 Examination of Combustion-Generated Smoke Particles from Biomass at Source: Relation to Atmospheric Light Absorption Can you identify pollutants in smoke just from the colour of the smoke - yes, it seems you can.. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00102202.2018.1557642?journalCode=gcst20 How should condensables be included in PM emission inventories reported to EMEP/CLRTAP https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1527046/FULLTEXT01.pdf Performance evaluation of six low-cost particulate mattersensorsin the field How accurate are cheap PM sensors? Pretty accurate, unless the air is damp. https://vaquums.eu/sensor-db/tests/life-vaquums_PMfieldtest.pdf/view Biomass-fuelled improved cookstove intervention to prevent household air pollution in Northwest Ethiopia: a cluster randomized controlled trial Some success with improved open-hearth stoves https://environhealthprevmed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12199-020-00923-z Emission of Dioxins From Danish Woodstoves (1994) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0045653594903697 Dioxins from Biomass Combustion: An Overview (2016) https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12649-016-9744-5 Volatile hydrocarbons from domestic wood burning (1995) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/004565359500048D Emission of fine particles (PM2.5) from residential biomass combustion in Croatia, and how to reduce it https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/359901 Indoor Air Pollution from Residential Stoves:Examining the Flooding of Particulate Matter into Homes during Real-World Use Includes literature list https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/359901 Light my fire but don’t choke on the smoke: Wellbeing and pollution fromfireplace use in Sweden Psychology of fires - "The most common motives forusing a fireplace in this sample were complementary heating and “cozy fire making”. Our results suggest thatwatching a fire can aid in regulating emotions from unpleasant stress towards joy and provide a pleasant at-mosphere for socialization, and that wood fuel may be a preferred complementary energy choice because it provides beautiful light, comfortable warmth, beautiful design and safety. https://sci-hub.tw/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214629620302711 Substantial brown carbon emissions from wintertime residential woodburning over France Suggests that smoke particle color can be related by wavelength to LG emissions, which could be c20% of winter smoke in France https://sci-hub.tw/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969720342765 UK ENERGY in brief, 2019 https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/857027/UK_Energy_in_Brief_2019.pdf Effect of improved cookstove intervention on.. respiratory infection in.. Ethiopia Another report - with a very large sample size of 5k+ - shows that 'improving' stoves which still discharge fumes to the room doesn't make much difference to health outcomes. https://assets.researchsquare.com/files/rs-28518/v1.pdf The 'BeReal' Project ..to develop a stove test indicative of real world usage http://www.bereal-project.eu/ Particulate inorganic salts and trace element emissions of a domestic boiler fed with five commercial brands of wood pellets The median emission factors for Pb, Cu, Cd, As, Zn, and Ni were respectively 188, 86, 9.3, 8.7, 2177, and 3.5 µg kg^-1. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-020-08329-8 Household air pollution and personal exposure from burning firewood and yak dung in summer in the eastern Tibetan Plateau https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749119349814 Forests: Carbon sequestration, biomass energy, or both? "We conclude that the expanded use of wood for bioenergy will result in net carbon benefits" https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/13/eaay6792 A New Design for Wood Stoves Based on Numerical Analysis and Experimental Research Modelling of stoves https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/5/1028/pdf Heat Output Tests - Six Fuels on Three Appliances - Report to UK Government https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/867429/burning-wood-consult-bsria-report1.pdf Performance of Biomass-Fueled Camp Stoves https://libres.uncg.edu/ir/wcu/f/EndaraLoaiza2019.pdf Advanced Test Methods for Firewood Stoves - Consequences of real-life operation on stove performance Report on consequences of real-life operation on stove performance. Survey of different test methods https://www.ieabioenergy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/IEA_Bioenergy_Task32_Test-Methods.pdf September 2019 A Review of the Impact of Domestic Combustion on UK Air Quality https://www.auldtonstoves.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/A-Review-of-the-Impact-of-Domestic-Combustion-on-UK-Air-Quality-1.pdf Impact of wood combustion on indoor air quality Emission rates of 1.29 (fireplace) and 0.049 (woodstove) mgPM10 min-1 were obtained. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004896971935764X Developmental Study of Soot-Oxidation Catalysts for Fireplaces The Effect of Binder and Preparation Techniques on Catalyst Texture and Activity https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/9/11/957/pdf&hl=en&sa=X&d=10419359184855206407&scisig=AAGBfm2bxIvtQEfbeHZC7D-I3SoGoQ-zuw&nossl=1&oi=scholaralrt Performance of an automatically controlled wood stove Shows improved thermal efficiency andcarbon monoxide emissions www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0960148119317446 Real-Life Emission Factor Assessment For Biomass Heating Appliances At A Field Measurement Campaign In Styria, Austria Analysis of real-world wood stoves in Austria. Particulate, VOC and CO figures https://www.witpress.com/Secure/elibrary/papers/AIR19/AIR19022FU1.pdf Summary results of the UK domestic wood use survey - 2016 https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/517572/Summary_results_of_the_domestic_wood_use_survey_.pdf A note on calculation of efficiency and emissionsfrom wood and wood pellet stoves https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/655/1/012021/pdf Inhalation toxicity profiles of particulate matter: a comparison between brake wear with other sources of emission Which is more toxic? Wood smoke or dust from vehicle tyres and brakes? https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08958378.2019.1606365 Best practise report on decentralized biomass fired CHP plants and status of biomass fired small-and micro scale CHP technologies How to make electricity from your stove... http://task32.ieabioenergy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/T32_CHP_Report_01_2019.pdf The influence of humidity on the performance of a low-cost airparticle mass sensor and the effect of atmospheric fog Low cost atmospheric particle meters don't read air quality. https://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/11/4883/2018/amt-11-4883-2018.pdf The impact of fuel properties on the emissions from the combustion of biomass and other solid fuels in a fixed bed domestic stove Comparison of smokeless fuel, logs etc. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378382015301843 The Impact of Fuel Properties on the Composition of Soot Produced by the Combustion of Residential Solid Fuels in a Domestic Stove https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378382016302296 Organic carbon emissions from the co-firing of coal and wood in a fixed bed combustor https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016236117300716 Spectroscopic study of wood smoke PM collected on filters https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00102202.2018.1557642?journalCode=gcst20 Emissions performance of high moisture wood fuels burned in a residential stove https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016236118319859 Emissions of pollutant gases, fine particulate matters and their significant tracers from biomass burning in an open-system combustion chamber Rice straw (RS), maize residues (MR) and forest leaf litters (FLL) from mixed deciduous forest (MDF) and dry dipterocarp forest (DDF) collected in Northern Thailand https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653519303777 Wood-burning stoves world wide technology, innovation and policy A general review by Luis Teles de Carvalho, Ricardo http://vbn.aau.dk/files/245346071/PHD_Ricardo_Luis_Teles_de_Carvalho_E_pdf.pdf A Grounded Theory Method Approach to Understanding the Symbolic Meaning of Smoke and Behaviors Related to Household Air Pollution Small clean cookstoves for developing countries work really well. So why aren't they having the impact you'd expect? Jason Speaks thinks the reasons are social, not technical... https://media.proquest.com/media/pq/classic/doc/4327201445/fmt/ai/rep/NPDF?_s=LWOO7bDIaguJBE7cQL%2BHtXFhNps%3D Nanoparticle emissions from residential wood combustion: A critical literature review, characterization, and recommendations "..modern units may generate a higher count of NPs, although emitting less particulate mass than older units. This investigation supports arguments of needed particle type and count regulations in addition to the current mass based emission regulations." https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032119300012 Effect of stove technology and combustion conditions on gas and particulate emissions from residential biomass combustion Demonstrates that emissions from different types of stove vary, but doen't explain what those different stoves are. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acs.est.8b05020 Determination Emitted Gasses from Using Three Types of Woods in Grilling Meats https://www.iasj.net/iasj?func=fulltext&aId=155206 Emissions performance of high moisture wood fuels burned in a residential stove https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016236118319859 Contribution of wood burning to PM-10 in London Led by Gary W. Fuller, King’s College London, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, 150 Stamford Street, London https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/files/12227807/Atmospheric_Environment.pdf Investigation of levoglucosan decay in wood smoke smog-chamber experiments https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231018307866 Gaseous and particulate emissions from a chimneyless biomass cookstove equipped with a potassium catalyst https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261918316763 Emissions of particles and organic compounds from small and medium scaled biomass combustion Reviews of more than a dozen methods of smoke measurement. http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1252254/FULLTEXT01.pdf The Firepower Sweep Test: A Novel Approach to Cookstove Laboratory Testing Methods of testing small 'rocket type stoves, includes data on a large number of different variants https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ina.12497 Emission characterization of modern wood stoves under real-life oriented operating conditions https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231018305399 A Study of Wood Stove Particulate Emissions Shows that particle emission from stoves correlates to flue draught - high draught=low smoke, low draught=high smoke www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00022470.1979.10470854 Contribution of wood stoves and fire places to mutagenic activity of airborne particulate matter inside homes Dutch paper shows that homes with modern closed stoves can have lower levels of indoor particles than homes with no SF heating at all, but open fires tend to be much worse. "it is very remarkable that the increase of airborne mutagenicity during wood combustion is only significant when open fire places are used." www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0165121886900406 Impact of improved cookstoves on women's and child health in low and middle income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis Analysis of 53 eligible studies = improved cookstoves had no demonstrable impact on paediatric lower ARIs (Acuce respiratory infection) http://thorax.bmj.com/content/early/2018/06/20/thoraxjnl-2017-210952 Organic molecular tracers in atmospheric PM at urban intensive traffic and background sites in two high-insolation European cities Paper comparing air pollution in two Spanish cities which also gives a nice overview of where we're up to: "Overall, the knowledge about ..gas phase and aerosol organics.. is still limited" https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231018304072 The state of the global clean and improved cooking sector https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/21878/96499.pdf A World Bank and Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves extended analysis Mathematical modelling of traditional stoves using the Thermal Network Approach Fascinating and ingenious paper on the modelling of heat transfer inside traditional stoves, from Cameroon https://www.researchgate.net How the user can influence particulate emissions from residential wood and pellet stoves: Emission factors for different fuels and burning conditions https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231017301590 Repeatability in Particulate and Gaseous Emissions from Pellet Stoves for Space Heating http://sci-hub.tw/https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.7b03977 Communal biofuel burning for district heating: Emissions and immissions from medium-sized facilities A USA/German investigation comparing emissions from domestic wood stoves against district heating boilerhouse - "immission is not necessarily lower in an area where heat demand is covered with a central facility instead of individual household appliances." http://sci-hub.tw/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231018301523 Impact of the wood combustion in an open fireplace on the air quality of a living room: Estimation of the respirable fraction Shows that dangerous levels of pollutants can be inhaled during ignition and de-ashing, subsequent refueling proved to be much less polluting. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969718303875 http://sci-hub.tw/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969718303875 Fuel for debating ancient economies. Calculating wood consumption at urban scale in Roman Imperial times http://elenamarinova.net/publications/Janssen_etal_2017.pdf The relationship between black carbon concentration and black smoke: A more general approach By Heal, MR & Quincey, Atmospheric Environment, vol 54 http://www.research.ed.ac.uk/portal/files/5792935/HealQuincey_2012_AtmEnv54_BCBlackSmoke_post_print.pdf Determination Of Particulate Matter Emissions From Wood Heaters The USA EPA Dilution tunnel sampling method https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-08/documents/method_5g.pdf Indoor exposure to particles emitted by biomass-burning heating systems and evaluation of dose and lung cancer risk received by population Italian reserach shows that the equivalent lifetime extra risk due to the exposure to indoor particles from, in particuilar, open fires is "not negligible" https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749117329299 Residential Coal Combustion as a Source of Levoglucosan in China Demonstrates that Levoglucosan (LG) is a marker for coal combustion as well as wood. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acs.est.7b05858 Impact of ignition technique on total emissions of a firewood stove Comparison of top-down and bottom-up ignition techniques Ignition technique 2017.pdf Emission Factors and Efficiencies from in-Field Measurements of Traditional and Improved Cookstoves and Their Potential Implications Method of measuring stove performance in rural Ghana Ghana In-field smoke.pdf Warm, Cozy Woodstoves and the PM They Produce: Home Interventions Show Mixed Results in Protecting Children with Asthma https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/ehp2598/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=ehp2598 Investigating PM10 episodes using levoglucosan as tracer Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, Portugal Investigating PM10 episodes Monteiuro 2017.pdf Residential heating with wood and coal: Health impacts and policy options in Europe and North America World Health Organisation ResidentialHeatingWoodCoalHealthImpacts.pdf Clean Cooking Energy in Uganda technologies, impacts, and key barriers and enablers to market acceleration Roz Price, Institute of Development Studies 17 August 2017 https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/bitstream/handle/123456789/13234/191%20Clean%20cooking%20energy%20Uganda.pdf?sequence=1 Characterization of atmospheric black carbon and co-pollutants in urban and rural areas of Spain, M. Becerril-Valle, Atmospheric Carbon Spain 2017-09-014.pdf The Potential Air Quality Impacts from Biomass Combustion UK Report to government, 2017 2017_AQEG_Biomass_report.pdf Wood-Burning Stoves Worldwide Comparison of performance of wood stove types across the world PhD_Ricardo_Luis_Teles_de_Carvalho.pdf Research of factors influencing the burnout quality inside a biomass combustion chamber Useful analysis of how tertiary air holes on small stoves work - from the Lithuanian Energy Institute Burnout Chamber13960-52259-1-PB.pdf Thermoelectric generators: A review of applications ThermGen20170.pdf Sources, health effects and control strategies of indoor fine particulate matter (PM2.5): A review 1017indoor.pdf Contributions of wood smoke and vehicle emissions in Yakima (USA) 2017_wood smoke and vehicle emissions in Yakima.pdf Non-exhaust PM emissions from electric vehicles Once you include emissions other than exhausts, electric vehicles can be worst, and worse than stoves NonExhaust PMs.pdf Systematic and conceptual errors in standards and protocols for thermal performance of (small) biomass stoves smallstovetests.pdf Dioxins from Biomass Combustion: An Overview dioxins.pdf Heating with Biomass in the United Kingdom: Lessons from New Zealand Suggests that typical emissions from UK woodstoves are 3x that in New Zealand atmosnev.pdf Investigation of real life operation of biomass room heating appliances - Results of a European survey How do people really use woodstoves? http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261916301076 or http://www.sciencedirect.com.sci-hub.io/science/article/pii/S0306261916301076 Burning for sustainable behaviour Could stove design be improved to make them easier to use? http://www.inderscienceonline.com/doi/abs/10.1504/JDR.2016.074784 or http://www.inderscienceonline.com.sci-hub.io/doi/abs/10.1504/JDR.2016.074784 Contribution of wood burning to PM10 in London Particulate matter (PM) emissions from domestic wood burning in London are higher than the PM reductions achieved through London’s Low Emission Zone, finds https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/files/12227807/Atmospheric_Environment.pdf Health impacts of anthropogenic biomass burning in the developed world "A conservative estimate of the current contribution of biomass smoke to premature mortality in Europe amounts to at least 40?000 deaths per year... Biomass combustion emissions, in contrast to emissions from most other sources of air pollution, are increasing. More needs to be done to further document the health effects of biomass combustion in Europe, and to reduce emissions of harmful biomass combustion products to protect public health." http://erj.ersjournals.com/content/early/2015/09/24/13993003.01865-2014 The impact of fuel properties on emissions from the combustion of biomass and other solid fuels in a fixed bed domestic stove http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378382015301843 Experimental Study of Thermal Performance Comparison Based on the Traditional and Multifunctional Biomass Stoves in China http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877705815028672 Monosaccharide anhydrides, monocarboxylic acids and OC/EC in PM1 aerosols in urban areas in the Czech Republic Monosaccharide anhydrides (levoglucosan, mannosan, galactosan), monocarboxylic acids etc in PM1 aerosol samples http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1309104215000021 Particulate emissions from residential wood combustion in Europe-revised estimates and an evaluation A re-evaluation of the many papers and reports on smoke, with the general conclusion that, it is really rather difficult to tell. Suggests that smoke from domestic stoves is typically between 150 and 800g GJ, depending on how you measure it. http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/15/6503/2015/acp-15-6503-2015.pdf New Hearth Emission Standards - The Definitive Guide to the EPA’s New Source Performance Standards for New Wood Heaters 2015 http://www.intertek.com/uploadedFiles/Intertek/Divisions/Commercial_and_Electrical/Services/Building_Products/Forms/White%20Paper%20-%20Hearth%20-%202015%20NSPS%20-%20BPWPNA01-1.pdf Analysis of Gas-Phase Carbonyl Compounds in Emissions from Modern Wood Combustion Appliances: Influence of Wood Type and Combustion Appliance Tested emissions from different stoves and found total carbonyl emission varied with wood type: birch, 113 ± 18 mg kg-1; beech, 178 ± 31 mg kg-1; spruce, 171 ± 19 mg kg-1. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ef502877c European Air Quality Standards http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/quality/standards.htm Sources and contributions of wood smoke during winter in London Shows that "Mean wood smoke mass at the sites was estimated to range from 0.78 to 1.0 µg m" "At all the sites, biomass burning was found to be the smallest of the major sources of primary OC and EC, with the largest source of EC found to be traffic emissions." http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/15/3149/2015/acp-15-3149-2015.pdf Canterbury (NZ) method 1 for testing of ultra-low emission wood burners Canterbury Method January 2015.pdf Relationship of Visible Smoke and Particulate and Particulate Emissions from Wood Burning Heaters New Zealand report, concludes that typical emissions are approximately... Open fires (wood and coal) 203 g/day Non-compliant wood burners 103 g/day NESAQ compliant wood burners 60 g/day Pellet Burners 15 g/day http://files.ecan.govt.nz/public/air-plan/25-relationship-visible-smoke-wood.pdf Characterization of primary and secondary wood combustion products generated under different burner load http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/15/2825/2015/acp-15-2825-2015.pdf Indoor particulate matter in rural, wood stove heated homes Showed mean of about 28.8 µg/m³ indoors (against about 7µg in smoke-free homes, 14µg in smoker's homes) http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013935115000328 Particulate and gaseous emissions from residential pellet combustion Estela Vicente, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, Portugal http://airuse.eu/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/32_SPEIC2014-Estelapaper.pdf Emissions from small-scale combustion of biomass fuels - extensive quantification and characterization A compendium of several detailed papers and reports, prepared by Energy Technology and Thermal Process Chemistry Dept at Umeå University, Sweden http://www.energimyndigheten.se/Global/Forskning/Bygg/21906-1%20Emissions%20from%20small-scale%20combustion%20of%20biomass%20fuels%20-%20extensive%20quantification%20and%20characterization.pdf Phenotypic and Molecular Plasticity of Woodforming Tissues in Maritime Pine Provides a reasonably comprehensive alaysis of pyrolisis products http://www4.bordeaux-aquitaine.inra.fr/var/internet_bordeaux_biogeco/storage/htmlarea/THESES/Jorge-Paiva_2006.pdf Fine particle emissions in three different combustion conditions of a wood-chip fired appliance - Particulate physico-chemical properties and induced cell death 2013 Suggests that the large particle smoke from smouldering, inefficient, stoves is actually less dangerous than the tiny particles from 'clean burn' stoves - though the clean stoves produce far less. http://www.researchgate.net/publication/260027829_Fine_particle_emissions_in_three_different_combustion_conditions_of_a_wood_chip-fired_appliance__Particulate_physico-chemical_properties_and_induced_cell_death Wood burning PM in the UK Presentation by Gary Fuller of King’s College London on sources of smoke in London Gary_Fuller_Wood_burning_EC_BC_in_the_UK_Dec_2013_Ghent-1.pdf Milestone: Identification of biomass burning tracers 2013 Report by www.airuse.eu, analyses pyrolysis products (such as levoglucosan) as tracers for biomass smoke http://airuse.eu/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/B4-2MILESTONE-tracers-biomass.pdf Size distribution, mixing state and source apportionments of black carbon aerosols in London during winter time Suggests that 15 - 20% of all smoke in London is from wood burning. http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/14/16291/2014/acpd-14-16291-2014.pdf Determination of Levoglucosan in Atmospheric Fine Particulate Matter Investigates whether levoglucosan could be a molecular marker for wood smoke. www.researchgate.net\publication\8467404_Determination_of_levoglucosan_in_atmospheric_fine_particulate_matter\file\79e41506ef7593fc5c.pdf Real-life emissions from residential woodburning appliances in New Zealand Paper from AJ Scott/Ministry of the Environment 2005. Shows that "test method is not indicative of real-life emissions because of the wide range of variables, behaviours and installations evident in the field. Thus, real life emissions could not be predicted from the AS/NZS 4012/3 test results." http://ecan.govt.nz/publications/Reports/air-report-emissions-residential-wood-burning-appliances-nz-000805.pdf Emission factors from small scale appliances burning wood and pellets Paper in 'Atmospheric Environment', May 2014, found that "The composite macropollutant EFs for manually fed appliances were: for CO 5858g/GJ, NOx 122/g, NMHC 542g/GJ, PM 254g/GJ,for automatic pellets appliances: CO 219g/GJ, NOx 66g/GJ, NMHC 5g/GJ, PM 85g/GJ. ... Advanced stove real-world emissions are far worse than those measured under cycles used for type testing of residential solid fuel appliances. No great difference is observed for different firewood types [but] the quality of the pellets is observed to influence directly the emission performance..." http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231014003793 The European Environment Agency air pollution data centre http://www.eea.europa.eu//themes/air/dc Trees, Trash, and Toxics: How Biomass Energy Has Become the New Coal Report arguing that emissions from biomass plant are generally worse than from coal plant. PFPI-Biomass-is-the-New-Coal-April-2-2014.pdf Dirtier than coal? Report by RSPB, Greenpeace and Friends of the Earth arguing that government sponsorship of wood burning results in it being 'dirtier than coal' biomass_report_tcm9-326672.pdf The Lubbock Memorial Lecture, 2010: Sustainable Energy - without the hot air Lecture by Professor David JC MacKay FRS http://www.soue.org.uk/souenews/issue9/lubbocklect.html Household Environmental Monitoring tools and protocols As developed by the Kirk Smith Group and the University of California-Berkeley, including the Water Boiling Test (WBT) Protocol for evaluating small cooking stoves http://ehs.sph.berkeley.edu/hem/ Dublin Smoky Fuel Ban Detailed Assessment By Mr Micheal Young, Department of Environment, Heritage & Local Government Has useful information on emissions generally Dublin Smoke.doc The Problems with Outdoor Wood Wood-Fired Boilers (OWBs) by Tom Todd, Washington Dept. of Ecology http://www.lrapa.org/downloads/publications/Outdoor_Wood-fired_Boilers_executive_summary.pdf Indoor air pollution and respiratory symptoms among fishermen in the Niger delta of Nigeria V Umoh, E Peters, G Erhabor, E Ekpe, A Ibok - African Journal of Respiratory …, 2013 Has useful general data on smoke and illness from small stoves http://www.africanjournalofrespiratorymedicine.com/articles/september_2013/AJRM%20Sept%2017-21.pdf Evaluation of the Efficiency Energy of Wood Stove from Irati Brazilian City Comparison of different simple and more sophisticated cooker types - showing that cooking efficiency is only around 5% http://www.researchgate.net/publication/257137107_Evaluation_of_the_Efficiency_Energy_of_Wood_Stove_from_Irati_Brazilian_City/file/9c9605246a36c00286.pdf A comparison of fuel use between a low cost, improved wood stove and traditional three-stone stove in rural Kenya Caroline A. Ochienga, Cathryn Tonnea, Sotiris Vardoulakisa Shows a possible reduction in fuel use from 6.7 to 5.4 kg/day between three-stone and clay rocket fireplaces http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0961953413003425 Design modifications and comparative study of different biomass cookstoves Report by KS Rana, SK Tyagi, KS Babu - 2013 The cooking habits and wood stove cooking experience of typical rural villages of Fiji. http://dspace.thapar.edu:8080/dspace/bitstream/10266/2341/1/Karmvir+Singh+Rana%28601101013%29.pdf Standard Test Method for Smoke Density in Flue Gases from Burning Distillate Fuels ASTM Smoke Pump. Designation: D 2156 - 94 (Reapproved 2003) An American National Standard ASTM Pump Test Method.pdf An evaluation of some issues regarding the use of Aethalometers to measure Woodsmoke concentrations (2013) Paper by Harrisona, Beddowsa, Jonesa, Calvob, Alvesb, Piob Argues that identifying woodsmoke in the atmosphere from the colour of smoke spots is more-or-less impossible http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231013006353 Health and Household Air Pollution from Solid Fuel - Use: The Need for Improved Exposure Assessment (2013) Report by National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA - a worldwide perspective - ISO 2012 on cookstoves etc http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/121/7/ehp.1206429.pdf Understanding Stoves Book by Dr N Sai Bhaskar Reddy A comprehensive guide to simple stoves http://www.metameta.nl/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Understanding-Stoves-okt-10-webversion.pdf Evidence of biomass burning aerosols in the Barcelona urban environment during winter time M. Viana and others http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231013001325 Combustion Analysis Basics An Overview of Measurements, Methods and Calculations Used in Combustion Analysis http://www.raeco.com/products/emissions/tsi-cacalc-6200/man_combustionanalysisbasics.pdf Survey on the present state of particle precipitation devices for residential biomass combustion with a nominal capacity up to 50 kW http://www.bios-bioenergy.at/uploads/media/Filter-study-IEA-Dez-2011.pdf Laboratory and field investigations of particulate and carbon monoxide emissions from traditional and improved cookstoves By Christoph A. Roden and five others. An invesigation into emissions from cookstoves in rural China - compares emissions of different pollutants. http://www.cleancookstoves.org/resources_files/laboratory-and-field.pdf Experimental evaluation of particle number emissions from wood combustion in a closed fireplace By Stefano Cernuschi, Michele Giugliano Compares smoke particle size, CO, CO2 emissions from stoves http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0961953413000305 Comparison of emissions from wood combustion Jürgen Orasche and 8 others. Demonstrates the huge variability of emissions from small sf appliances. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ef301506h Emissions for small-scale combustion of biomass fuels Bowman, Nordin et.al. http://energimyndigheten.se.... Comparison of Methods for Evaluation of Wood Smoke and Estimation of UK Ambient Concentrations http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/12/8271/2012/acp-12-8271-2012.pdf Report by Roy M. Harrison and others showing that pollution attributable to wood smoke (by levoglucosan to potassium) are well below concentrations typical of other northern European urban areas. Bio Intelligence Report of 23 April 2012 The Bio Intelligence Service has completed an 8-volume survey of domestic solid fuel heating in Europe, with a wealth of technical and market data. It estimates total appliance sales at about 2.3 Million per year. Archived volumes: 1 Scope and Definitions.pdf 2 Economic and Market.pdf 3 Consumers and Infrastructure.pdf 4 Products Technical.pdf 5 Base Cases and Costs.pdf 6 Best Available Technologies.pdf 7 Improvement Potential.pdf 8 Policy.pdf http://ecosolidfuel.org/ ('Documents' section) Health and safety in biomass systems - Design and operation guide http://cea.org.uk/PDFs/Biomass_HandS_final_071211.pdf Presentattion: http://cea.org.uk/PDFs/IanSummerfield-BiomassBoilersFinal_131211.pdf Review of risks associated with biomass combustion systems from the Combustion Engineering Association Emission factors from residential combustion appliances burning Portuguese biomass fuels http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2011/em/c1em10500k Investigation by AP Fernandes et.al. into comparative smoke emission from different types of SF heater Development of a Low Smoke Mongolian Coal Stove Using a Heterogeneous Testing Protocol http://active.cput.ac.za/energy/web/due/papers/due%20cd%202011/Conference%20Presentations/Papers/12.Pemberton-Pigott%20C.pdf C Pemberton-Pigott, University of Johannesburg. Particulate and gaseous emissions from manually and automatically fired small scale combustion systems http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S135223101100478X Christoph Schmidl et al, 2011. Tested 2 automatically and 2 manually fired appliances. Found average PM10 emissions from manually fired appliances were around 130 mg/m³, equivalent to 90 mg/MJ. Wood pellets and chips combustion under full load operation with automatically fired appliances emit almost one order of magnitude less. Measurement and Modelling of Fine Particulate Emissions (PM10 & PM2.5) from Wood-Burning Biomass Boilers http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/243574/0067768.pdf Report to the Scottish Government by AEA Ltd Inventorying PM emissions - Advances of Atmospheric Aerosol Research in Austria http://www.oeaw.ac.at/krl/publikation/documents/KRL_compendium_PM.pdf Tries to separate wood smoke from other biological sorces of PM10s such as fungal spores and concludes that wood smoke odour is likely for many communities with traditional wood stove use. W Winiwarter - 2011 Emissions from small scale combustion of indigenous wood types of Central Europe. Part 1. Odour, gaseous and PM10 emissions. Rzaca, M., C. Schmidl, E. Padouvas, H. Giebl, H. Lohninger, R. Ellinger, H. Bauer, H. Puxbaum, 2011. Investigations of primary and secondary particulate matter of different wood combustion appliances with a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/11/8081/2011/acpd-11-8081-2011.pdf Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, 2011. A very useful comparison of emissions from older and modern log stoves and a pellet stove. Emissions from domestic solid fuel burning appliances (wood-heaters, open fireplaces) http://www.environment.gov.au/atmosphere/airquality/publications/report5/chapter8.html Technical Report No. 5 by J. Gras, et at. For Environment Australia, March 2002 Emissions from Wood-Fired Combustion Equipment http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/epd/industrial/pulp_paper_lumber/pdf/emissions_report_08.pdf Tony Wakelin, P.Eng. for Ministry of Environment, British Columbia UK biomass energy since 1990: the mismatch between project types and policy objectives http://www.ierp.bham.ac.uk/documents/pub_dan-paper_in_energy_policy.pdf Dan van der Horst, 2005 An Economic Analysis to Inform the Review of the Air Quality Strategy Objectives for Particles For UK Government, 2001 http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/quality/air/airquality/publications/stratreview-analysis/chap-1-icgb.pdf Includes an Assesment of total particle emissions from domestic solid fuel appliances UK Low Carbon Transition Plan For UK Government 2009 http://www.decc.gov.uk/en/content/cms/publications/lc_trans_plan/lc_trans_plan.aspx This presents important ideas about improving wood fuel supply both from forests and by diverting waste. It has nothing to say about appliances or installations. ENERGY CHALLENGE REPORT For UK Government 2006 http://www.dti.gov.uk/files/file31890.pdf The UK Government review of energy supply and use over the next fifty years. Mainly concerned with large-scale energy production and consumption - electricity distribution, road transport etc - but also notes that the part to be played by "Biomass stoves and boilers provide space and/or water heating from a variety of fuels such as wood pellets, woodchips, logs and non-wood fuels." STERN REVIEW ON THE ECONOMICS OF CLIMATE CHANGE For UK Government by Sir Nicholas Stern 2006 The full report: www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/stern_review_report.htm Possible economic consequences of climate change, suggests could shrink the global economy by a fifth unless drastic action is taken - including a move towards renewable energy sources. KEY POINTS: Taking action now would cost about 1% of global gross domestic product. Without action up to 200 million people could become refugees through drought or flood. Unless the world, including USA and China, tackles climate change it is heading for the worst global recession ever seen. 1% of global gross domestic product (GDP) must be spent on tackling climate change immediately. If no action is taken, floods could displace up to 100 million people, melting glaciers could cause water shortages for 1 in 6 of the world's population, 40% of species could become extinct, droughts may create tens or even hundreds of millions of refugees. Failure to act early could cost 5% to 20% of global GDP and render large parts of the planet uninhabitable with poor nations, especially in Africa, hit worst. Switching to cleaner energy sources, like wind and solar, can help avoid the worst of the damage. Support for energy R+D should at least double and support for deployment should increase five-fold. Green taxes and changing behaviour will help - but schemes must be international. If the UK shut down all of its power stations tomorrow, the reduction in global emissions would be wiped out in just over a year by increased emissions from China. Action now will still take 30 yrs to show benefit. (also Comments on Stern Review by Patrick J. Michaels, University of Virginia, http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/d/patrick.pdf presents an alternative, less pessimistic, view.) UK Government 'The Energy Efficiency of Dwellings' Report UK Department of Communities and Local Government November 2006 http://www.communities.gov.uk/pub/373/TheEnergyEfficiencyofDwellingsInitialAnalysis_id1504373.pdf Shows that millions of homes across the country could benefit from cost effective improvements which cut both carbon emissions and fuel bills. Widespread implementation of such improvements could save around 7M tonnes of carbon a year. KEY POINTS: implementing measures with the fastest pay back and replacing boilers over time could save 7MtC a year and make householders better off; cavity wall insulation has increased from 20pc of homes in 1996 to 36pc in 2003; the number of homes with over 150mm of loft insulation increased by 4 million between 2001 and 2004; a further 8.5m homes could benefit from cavity wall insulation saving 2.1MtC a year; cavity wall insulation typically costs £340 to fit and pays for itself within 2.6 years. (Over a 5 year period householders would get a 200 per cent return on their investment). In practice, these costs and the payback period can be reduced through grants and subsidies, with some householders, on qualifying benefits, being eligible for free installation; increasing loft insulation could help 6.1m homes and deliver carbon savings of 1.2m a year. Pay back time for loft insulation is 2.7 years and householders get a 180 per cent return over 5 years. Again grants and subsidies are available; reaching the 60 per cent target by 2050 will require high take up of microgeneration including emerging technologies such as heat pumps and micro CHP (combined heat and power); research suggests that costs of low and zero carbon technologies could be reduced significantly for each doubling of installed capacity; and social housing is on average more energy efficient than private housing. EU Action Plan for Energy Efficiency European Commisson 2006 http://ec.europa.eu/energy/action_plan_energy_efficiency/doc/com_2006_0545_en.pdf Outlines a framework of policies and measures with a view to realising over 20% savings in EU annual primary energy consumption by 2020. This is considered to be technically and economically feasible. KEY POINTS: The document outlines a series of Priority Actions, expected to be backed-up by legislation. 1: Appliance and equipment labelling and minimum energy performance standards. The Commission will begin, in 2007, the process of adopting minimum energy performance standards for priority product groups including boilers, water heaters by the end of 2008 2: Building performance requirements and very low energy buildings ("passive houses"), including zero-energy houses- houses not requiring heating. 3: Making power generation and distribution more efficient 4: Achieving fuel efficiency of cars 5: Facilitating appropriate financing of energy efficiency investments for small and medium enterprises and Energy Service Companies 6: Spurring energy efficiency in the new Member States 7: A coherent use of taxation 8: Raising energy efficiency awareness 9: Energy efficiency in built-up areas 10: Foster energy efficiency worldwide Real-life Emissions Testing of Wood Burners in Tokoroa Colleen Kelly, Victoria University Suri Mues, Ministry for the Environment Wayne Webley, Applied Research Services 2007 http://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/energy/emissions-testing-wood-burners-tokoroa-jun07/emissions-testing-wood-burners-tokoroa-jun07.pdf Includes comparison of simple hand-held one-test instruments against comprehensive laboratory tests. Emissions from Wood-Fired Combustion Equipment http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/epd/industrial/pulp_paper_lumber/pdf/emissions_report_08.pdf Paul A. Beauchemin, Martin Tampier, Envirochem Services Inc. for Ministry of Environment, Brtitish Columbia 2008. An analysis of emissions from commercial wood-fired plant. A Round robin test of a wood stove: The influence of standards, test procedures and calculation procedures on the emission level http://www.soliftec.com/Skreibergtests.pdf By O. Skreiberg, E. Karlsvik, J. E. Hustad, O. K. Sonju 1997. Comparison of results from same stove tested at six different national laboratories. Assesment of BenzoaPyrene Concentrations in the UK in 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2020 http://www.airquality.co.uk/archive/reports/cat17/0707171119_Bap_report_05_issue1.pdf K.J., Vincent, T., Bush and P., Coleman. Includes distribution maps for solid fuel use in the UK The Outdoor Air Myth Exposed http://woodheat.org/the-outdoor-air-myth-exposed.html Unsigned, Woodheat.org Opinion piece regarding outside air supply to stoves. Efficiency and gases emissions with incineration of composite and one-component biofuel briquettes in room heater http://journals.uzpi.cz/uniqueFiles/00404.pdf P. Jevic, P. Hutla, J. Malaták, Z. &Scaronedivá 2007. Compares Emissions from various biofuels including wood, straw and beet pulp briquettes. A Woodfuel Strategy for England http://www.forestry.gov.uk/pdf/fce-woodfuel-strategy.pdf UK Forestry Commission 2007 Wood for Energy http://www.forestry.gov.uk/website/pdf.nsf/3ece6ef6a6bb8f2080256a15005b9fd4/a11af3bd31e6484080257323002f5189/$FILE/see-wood-for-energy-poster.pdf UK Forestry Commission 2009. A useful schools / general interest poster European Air Quality Standards http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/quality/standards.htm European Commission 2009. Includes table of permitted pollutants. Emissions of Rural Wood-Burning Cooking Device http://www.ecoharmony.com/files/MyDocs/PhDThesis_GrantBallard-Tremeer.pdf Grant Ballard-Tremeer 1997. Includes useful information on optical smoke measurement. Masonry Heater Emissions Testing Method and Design http://heatkit.com/docs/OMNIcourse.pdf OMNI-Test Laboratories, Oct 24 - 25, 1991 Residential Wood Combustion Technology Review http://www.mha-net.org/docs/rwc01.PDF and http://www.mha-net.org/docs/rwc01.PDF by James Houck and Paul Tiegs Comparison of Test Standards from Various Countries http://heatkit.com/docs/karlsvik.PDF by Edvard Karlsvik, Sintef Applied Thermodynamics Review of Wood Heater and Fireplace Emission Factors http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/conference/ei10/pm/houck.pdf by James Houck, John Crouch and Roy H. Huntley Design and Operating Factors Which Affect Emissions from Residential Wood-Fired Heaters http://heatkit.com/html/p-tieg02.htm Review and Update by Paul Tiegs of OMNI Environmental Services Discussion Regarding Reporting Units for Emissions from Residential Cord-wood Burning Space-heating Appliances http://www.rumford.com/testOMNIPaul.html Paul Tiegs, OMNI Environmental Services, January 10, 1994 (revised February 1995) Clean Combustion of Wood http://heatkit.com/docs/khan.PDF by A.M. Hasan, R. Khan. A report of The Woodburning Stove Group, Eindhoven University of Technology, July, 1991 Emissions from Outdoor Wood-Burning Residential Hot Water Furnaces http://www.woodheat.org/technology/epaoutboiler.pdf By Joseph C. Valenti and Russell K. Clayton, Acurex Environmental Corporation Air Requirements and Related Parameters for Masonry Heating Systems http://heatkit.com/html/papers-n/airreq/Cmhc-rep.PDF The Research Division Housing Technology Incentives Program Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation Makeup Air Guidelines http://heatkit.com/docs/R2000-2.pdf Charles Zaloum, Natural Resources Canada Norbert Senf, Masonry Stove Builders Investigation of Negative Pressure Test Protocols for Wood- and Pellet-Burning Appliances http://www.gulland.ca/products/NegativePressureTestProtocolRPT.htm Gulland Associates prepared for The Research Division, Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Ottawa, (2003) Fireplace Air Requirements http://heatkit.com/docs/airreq.PDF ORTECH International, Scanada Consultants, Sheltair Scientific prepared for The Research Division, Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Ottawa, (1989) Modifications and Refinement of the Computer Model Wood Burning Simulator http://heatkit.com/research/Woodsim5.pdf Scanada Consultants, prepared for The Research Division, Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Ottawa, (1987) The Dynamics of Domestic Open Fires http://heatkit.com/docs/rosin.PDF by Prof. P.O. Rosin, 1939, A significant founding document, one of the first modern scientiic surveys of open fires. Highly recommended The Flow of Gases in Furnaces (1923) http://www.archive.org/details/TheFlowOfGasesInFurnaces by W.E. Groume-Grjimailo. Russian classic on applying gas buoyancy laws to furnace design, as currently embodied in double bell heater construction. Complete text, 399 pages translated by The Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore A Comparison of Fireplace Emissions Testing Methods http://heatkit.com/docs/mcnear.PDF 3 test methods were run simultaneously on open masonry fireplaces Recent Laboratory and Field Testing of Masonry Heater and Masonry Fireplace Emissions http://heatkit.com/html/papers-n/awma01/p-awma1.pdf Norbert Senf, presented at 1994 Air and Waste Management Association meeting Very Low Emissions Cordwood Combustion in High Burn Rate Appliances - Early Results with Possible Implications http://heatkit.com/html/papers-n/awma02/p-awma2.PDF Norbert Senf, presented at the 88th Annual Meeting of the Air and Waste Management Association, San Antonio, 1995. Low Emissions Residential Cordwood Combustion in High Mass Appliances - Recent Research and Results http://heatkit.com/html/papers-n/cc96/p-cc96.pdf Norbert Senf. Presented at Combustion Canada Conference, Ottawa, June 5 - 7, 1996 Comparison of dilution tunnel and electrostatic precipitator methods http://www.soliftec.com/Comparison%20Smoke%20Test%20Methods.pdf Methods for the measurement of smoke mass emission rate from manufactured solid fuels for domestic open fires - British Coal Corporation, Coal Research Establishment January 1992 Real-life Emissions Testing of Pellet Burners in Tokoroa http://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/energy/emissions-testing-pellet-burners-tokoroa-jun07/emissions-testing-pellet-burners-tokoroa-jun07.pdf C. Kelly, S.Mues and W. Webley, Ministry for the Environment, New Zealand 2007. Field testing conducted with the Condar sampler, including calibration against a laboratory dilution tunnel method. Design, Construction and Performance of Stick-Wood Fired Furnace http://www.vtwoodsmoke.org/pdf/Hill-79.pdf by Professor Richard Hill, University of Maine, 1979 Design Principles for Wood-Burning Cook Stoves http://www.bioenergylists.org/stovesdoc/Pcia/Design%20Principles%20for%20Wood%20Burning%20Cookstoves.pdf Excellent guide to the construction and testing of small pot stoves. Shell Foundation Partnership for Clean Indoor Air, Aprovecho Research Center Flue Gas Emissions in Wood Burning Stoves http://heatkit.com/docs/pah-aus.PDF Translation of 1985 Austrian study of PAH emissions from a Grundofen (masonry heater) and a conventional stove. Includes PAH analyses. Done by the government test lab for the Austrian stovemasons guild. Determination of Condensible Particulate Woodstove Emission Factors Using Condar's Emissions Sampler http://heatkit.com/docs/condar.PDF by Stockton Barnett (1983) Testing Protocol for Particulate Emissions from Woodburning Fireplaces http://heatkit.com/docs/sonoma.PDF Survey of Northern Sonoma Country APCD, Healdsburg, California, Dec. 10, 1997 Emissions of Rural Wood-Burning Cooking Devices http://www.energy.demon.nl/PhDintro.htm Phd thesis by Grant Ballard-Tremeer Ignition of Wood: A Review of the State of the Art http://marioloureiro.net/ciencia/ignicao_vegt/wood_ign.pdf by V Babrauskas. A surver of research into wood ignition temperature. 2001 Respiratory effects of particulate matter air pollution http://umu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:394200/FULLTEXT03 M Sehlstedt. Comparison of the pulmonary effects ofdiesel exhaust, biomass smoke, etc (German) Health Relevance Of Particles From Wood Combustion In Comparison To Diesel Soot http://www.verenum.ch/Publikationen/W1612Berlin2007.pdf N. Klippel and T. Nussbaumer Zurich (Switzerland), www.verenum.ch

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